目前缺乏利用对象关系的目前有效的基于LIDAR的检测框架，这些框架自然而然地以空间和时间的方式存在。为此，我们引入了一个简单，高效且有效的两阶段检测器，称为RET3D。 RET3D的核心是利用新颖的框架内和框架间关系模块，以相应地捕获空间和时间关系。更具体地说，框内关系模块（Intrarm）将框架内对象封装到稀疏图中，从而使我们能够通过有效的消息传递来完善对象特征。另一方面，框架间关系模块（Interm）密集地将每个对象动态地连接到相应的跟踪序列中，并利用此类时间信息以通过轻量级变压器网络有效地增强其表示形式。我们使用基于中心的或基于锚的探测器实例化Intram和Interm的新颖设计，并在Waymo Open数据集（WOD）上对其进行评估。由于额外的额外开销可忽略不计，RET3D实现了最先进的性能，就1级1和2级MAPH指标而言，在车辆检测方面分别比最近的竞争对手高出5.5％和3.2％。

最近，Vision Transformer通过推动各种视觉任务的最新技术取得了巨大的成功。视觉变压器中最具挑战性的问题之一是，图像令牌的较大序列长度会导致高计算成本（二次复杂性）。解决此问题的一个流行解决方案是使用单个合并操作来减少序列长度。本文考虑如何改善现有的视觉变压器，在这种变压器中，单个合并操作提取的合并功能似乎不太强大。为此，我们注意到，由于其在上下文抽象中的强大能力，金字塔池在各种视觉任务中已被证明是有效的。但是，在骨干网络设计中尚未探索金字塔池。为了弥合这一差距，我们建议在视觉变压器中将金字塔池汇总到多头自我注意力（MHSA）中，同时降低了序列长度并捕获强大的上下文特征。我们插入了基于池的MHSA，我们构建了一个通用视觉变压器主链，称为金字塔池变压器（P2T）。广泛的实验表明，与先前的基于CNN-和基于变压器的网络相比，当将P2T用作骨干网络时，它在各种视觉任务中显示出很大的优势。该代码将在https://github.com/yuhuan-wu/p2t上发布。

本文解决了由多头自我注意力（MHSA）中高计算/空间复杂性引起的视觉变压器的低效率缺陷。为此，我们提出了层次MHSA（H-MHSA），其表示以层次方式计算。具体而言，我们首先将输入图像分为通常完成的补丁，每个补丁都被视为令牌。然后，拟议的H-MHSA学习本地贴片中的令牌关系，作为局部关系建模。然后，将小贴片合并为较大的贴片，H-MHSA对少量合并令牌的全局依赖性建模。最后，汇总了本地和全球专注的功能，以获得具有强大表示能力的功能。由于我们仅在每个步骤中计算有限数量的令牌的注意力，因此大大减少了计算负载。因此，H-MHSA可以在不牺牲细粒度信息的情况下有效地模拟令牌之间的全局关系。使用H-MHSA模块合并，我们建立了一个基于层次的变压器网络的家族，即HAT-NET。为了证明在场景理解中HAT-NET的优越性，我们就基本视觉任务进行了广泛的实验，包括图像分类，语义分割，对象检测和实例细分。因此，HAT-NET为视觉变压器提供了新的视角。可以在https://github.com/yun-liu/hat-net上获得代码和预估计的模型。

神经网络的高计算成本阻止了RGB-D突出物体检测（SOD）的最新成功，从受益现实世界应用。因此，本文介绍了一种新颖的网络，Mobily，它专注于使用移动网络进行深度特征提取的高效RGB-D SOD。然而，移动网络在特征表示中的功能较小比麻烦的网络更强大。为此，我们观察到彩色图像的深度信息可以加强与SOD相关的特征表示，如果正确杠杆。因此，我们提出了一种隐式深度恢复（IDR）技术，以加强用于RGB-D SOD的移动网络的特征表示能力。 IDR仅在训练阶段采用并在测试期间省略，因此它是免费的。此外，我们提出了用于有效的多级特征聚合的紧凑金字塔精制（CPR），以获得具有清晰边界的突出对象。与IDR和CPR合并，Mobilesal在六个挑战RGB-D SOD数据集上具有更快的速度（450fps 320 $ 320的输入尺寸为320美元）和更少的参数（6.5米）。代码在https://mmcheng.net/mobilesal发布。

A recent study has shown a phenomenon called neural collapse in that the within-class means of features and the classifier weight vectors converge to the vertices of a simplex equiangular tight frame at the terminal phase of training for classification. In this paper, we explore the corresponding structures of the last-layer feature centers and classifiers in semantic segmentation. Based on our empirical and theoretical analysis, we point out that semantic segmentation naturally brings contextual correlation and imbalanced distribution among classes, which breaks the equiangular and maximally separated structure of neural collapse for both feature centers and classifiers. However, such a symmetric structure is beneficial to discrimination for the minor classes. To preserve these advantages, we introduce a regularizer on feature centers to encourage the network to learn features closer to the appealing structure in imbalanced semantic segmentation. Experimental results show that our method can bring significant improvements on both 2D and 3D semantic segmentation benchmarks. Moreover, our method ranks 1st and sets a new record (+6.8% mIoU) on the ScanNet200 test leaderboard. Code will be available at https://github.com/dvlab-research/Imbalanced-Learning.

Weakly-supervised object localization aims to indicate the category as well as the scope of an object in an image given only the image-level labels. Most of the existing works are based on Class Activation Mapping (CAM) and endeavor to enlarge the discriminative area inside the activation map to perceive the whole object, yet ignore the co-occurrence confounder of the object and context (e.g., fish and water), which makes the model inspection hard to distinguish object boundaries. Besides, the use of CAM also brings a dilemma problem that the classification and localization always suffer from a performance gap and can not reach their highest accuracy simultaneously. In this paper, we propose a casual knowledge distillation method, dubbed KD-CI-CAM, to address these two under-explored issues in one go. More specifically, we tackle the co-occurrence context confounder problem via causal intervention (CI), which explores the causalities among image features, contexts, and categories to eliminate the biased object-context entanglement in the class activation maps. Based on the de-biased object feature, we additionally propose a multi-teacher causal distillation framework to balance the absorption of classification knowledge and localization knowledge during model training. Extensive experiments on several benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of KD-CI-CAM in learning clear object boundaries from confounding contexts and addressing the dilemma problem between classification and localization performance.

Witnessing the impressive achievements of pre-training techniques on large-scale data in the field of computer vision and natural language processing, we wonder whether this idea could be adapted in a grab-and-go spirit, and mitigate the sample inefficiency problem for visuomotor driving. Given the highly dynamic and variant nature of the input, the visuomotor driving task inherently lacks view and translation invariance, and the visual input contains massive irrelevant information for decision making, resulting in predominant pre-training approaches from general vision less suitable for the autonomous driving task. To this end, we propose PPGeo (Policy Pre-training via Geometric modeling), an intuitive and straightforward fully self-supervised framework curated for the policy pretraining in visuomotor driving. We aim at learning policy representations as a powerful abstraction by modeling 3D geometric scenes on large-scale unlabeled and uncalibrated YouTube driving videos. The proposed PPGeo is performed in two stages to support effective self-supervised training. In the first stage, the geometric modeling framework generates pose and depth predictions simultaneously, with two consecutive frames as input. In the second stage, the visual encoder learns driving policy representation by predicting the future ego-motion and optimizing with the photometric error based on current visual observation only. As such, the pre-trained visual encoder is equipped with rich driving policy related representations and thereby competent for multiple visuomotor driving tasks. Extensive experiments covering a wide span of challenging scenarios have demonstrated the superiority of our proposed approach, where improvements range from 2% to even over 100% with very limited data. Code and models will be available at https://github.com/OpenDriveLab/PPGeo.

In this work, we focus on instance-level open vocabulary segmentation, intending to expand a segmenter for instance-wise novel categories without mask annotations. We investigate a simple yet effective framework with the help of image captions, focusing on exploiting thousands of object nouns in captions to discover instances of novel classes. Rather than adopting pretrained caption models or using massive caption datasets with complex pipelines, we propose an end-to-end solution from two aspects: caption grounding and caption generation. In particular, we devise a joint Caption Grounding and Generation (CGG) framework based on a Mask Transformer baseline. The framework has a novel grounding loss that performs explicit and implicit multi-modal feature alignments. We further design a lightweight caption generation head to allow for additional caption supervision. We find that grounding and generation complement each other, significantly enhancing the segmentation performance for novel categories. We conduct extensive experiments on the COCO dataset with two settings: Open Vocabulary Instance Segmentation (OVIS) and Open Set Panoptic Segmentation (OSPS). The results demonstrate the superiority of our CGG framework over previous OVIS methods, achieving a large improvement of 6.8% mAP on novel classes without extra caption data. Our method also achieves over 15% PQ improvements for novel classes on the OSPS benchmark under various settings.

Nearest-Neighbor (NN) classification has been proven as a simple and effective approach for few-shot learning. The query data can be classified efficiently by finding the nearest support class based on features extracted by pretrained deep models. However, NN-based methods are sensitive to the data distribution and may produce false prediction if the samples in the support set happen to lie around the distribution boundary of different classes. To solve this issue, we present P3DC-Shot, an improved nearest-neighbor based few-shot classification method empowered by prior-driven data calibration. Inspired by the distribution calibration technique which utilizes the distribution or statistics of the base classes to calibrate the data for few-shot tasks, we propose a novel discrete data calibration operation which is more suitable for NN-based few-shot classification. Specifically, we treat the prototypes representing each base class as priors and calibrate each support data based on its similarity to different base prototypes. Then, we perform NN classification using these discretely calibrated support data. Results from extensive experiments on various datasets show our efficient non-learning based method can outperform or at least comparable to SOTA methods which need additional learning steps.

In this tutorial paper, we look into the evolution and prospect of network architecture and propose a novel conceptual architecture for the 6th generation (6G) networks. The proposed architecture has two key elements, i.e., holistic network virtualization and pervasive artificial intelligence (AI). The holistic network virtualization consists of network slicing and digital twin, from the aspects of service provision and service demand, respectively, to incorporate service-centric and user-centric networking. The pervasive network intelligence integrates AI into future networks from the perspectives of networking for AI and AI for networking, respectively. Building on holistic network virtualization and pervasive network intelligence, the proposed architecture can facilitate three types of interplay, i.e., the interplay between digital twin and network slicing paradigms, between model-driven and data-driven methods for network management, and between virtualization and AI, to maximize the flexibility, scalability, adaptivity, and intelligence for 6G networks. We also identify challenges and open issues related to the proposed architecture. By providing our vision, we aim to inspire further discussions and developments on the potential architecture of 6G.